外國人眼中的“中國白”|美國作家Robert H. Blumenfield筆下的何朝宗
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小陶陶
2022-10-05 德化陶瓷文化研究院1815
9830
何朝宗何許人也?這是一個一直以來從未間斷過思考的問題。
何朝宗,一位瓷都德化明代舉世聞名的瓷塑大師,其獨樹一幟的精湛技藝和形成的“何”派藝術馳名中外,被譽為“東方藝術”的精品。
然而,關于這位聞名世界的瓷塑大師的生卒年月及個人經歷等在地方文獻中卻鮮有記載。
那么,這個問題是否能在外國作者有關“德化”“”“德化瓷”的著作中得到說明?
近期,外國人眼中的“”欄目將對有關“何朝宗”的研究進行梳理,以期找到其中的線索。
從何而來?萬瓷朝宗
——美國作家Robert H. Blumenfield筆下的何朝宗(一)
美國作家Robert H. Blumenfield(普孟斐)曾于20世紀九十年代到訪德化,在他所著《Blanc de Chine—— the Great Porcelain of Dehua 》(《:偉大的德化瓷器》,Ten Speed Press出版社,2002年第1版)一書中,有以下一段記述:
“Perhaps the most emblematic moment of my entire trip occurred at the Dehua porce-lain museum.In the entrance hall there stood a huge statue of the master,He Chaozong. Imagine the effect on me when I saw that statue. As a collector of blanc de Chine, my visit to Dehua was like a Muslim's visit to Mecca. And now I found myself gazing upon a larger-than-life reproduction of the greatest blanc de Chine creator of all.”(“也許我整個行程中最具有象征意義的時刻發生在我參觀德化陶瓷博物館的時候。博物館門廳里佇立著一尊何朝宗的巨大雕像。——何朝宗,最偉大的陶瓷藝術大師!想象一下,當我看到那座雕像時的感受。作為一個的收藏家,我對德化的訪問就像一個穆斯林對麥加的朝覲!現在,我發現自己正在凝視著一位最偉大的創造者的大型造像。”)(德化陶瓷博物館舊址位于德化縣東大路醒龍橋頭——編者注)
《:偉大的德化瓷器》成書于2002年,內容涉及瓷器的歷史、款識、工藝、窯業發展等方方面面,是研究德化陶瓷生產、收藏、對外交流不可多得的珍貴資料。尤其值得一提的是,在書中,普孟斐對何朝宗——這位至今為止德化最偉大的瓷塑家的瓷塑作品的斷代,以及他的生平和時代,有詳細的分析:
1.何朝宗生活了九十歲?
“He Chaozong is considered the greatest maker of Dehua figures who ever lived.Chinese scholars today believe that He lived from around 1522 to 1612,but I believe these dates to be inaccurate.First,if they are correct,it means that He lived ninety years,a remarkable lifes pan for an individual of that era,given medical and hygienic practices of the time.Second,I have located a rare,dated Guanyin with a He mark on the back.If the piece is accepted as a work by He,then given its 1618 date,this indicates that He was working later into the seventeenth century than previously believed.
何朝宗被認為是德化歷史上最偉大瓷塑家。今天的中國學者認為他生活在1522年至1612年之間 (在中國學術雜志《文物》里,有一個關于窯址的旁注上,提供了何的生卒年大約在1522年至1612年) ,但我認為這些日期不準確。首先,如果他們是正確的,這意味著他活了90歲,考慮到當時的醫療和衛生水平,這是一個非凡的壽命。第二,我找到了一個罕見的、年代久遠的觀音,背面有‘何’的標記。如果這件作品是一件真正的何朝宗作品,那么根據它1618年的日期,這表明他創作的時間一直持續到17世紀,比之前斷定的時間要遲。”
2.何朝宗的青壯年時期。
“In his childhood,He was surrounded by porcelain manufacturing and he learned the trade from the local masters.In his youth,he excelled at the creation of statues of Immortal sand Buddhas for palaces and temples.Some of his best-known figures from this period include a Guanyin at Bixiang Rock in Dehua,a minister in Xiawei Palace,a large figure in Chengtian Temple,and the Little Devil in Dongyue Temple.One also finds examples of He’s work in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing and in leading private collections and museums in Europe;very few are in the United States. He absorbed various design school’s techniques of clay modeing wood tooling and stone carving and combined them into his own method,which became known as the He School. He is said to have estab-lished a kiln at Hoa-so,which was operated by his family after his death.
童年時,何朝宗就受到當地瓷業的熏陶,對瓷器的燒制產生了濃厚的興趣,并從當地的大師那里學習手藝。何朝宗早年為宮廟泥塑各種神仙佛像,如德化碧象巖的觀音、下尾宮的大使、程田寺的善才、東岳廟的小鬼。他的作品在北京故宮博物院以及歐洲領先的私人博物館中都有收藏;美國比較少。他的瓷塑作品,吸收泥塑、木雕和石刻造像的各種技法,博取各家之長,形成獨具特色的"何派"藝術風格。據說,他在后所村建立了一座窯爐,在他死后由他的家人經營。”
(何朝宗觀音)
責任編輯:陳美珠
